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Apple Store and Its Neoliberal Models

Apple Store emerges as a kind of modern iconic building in 21st century. With its simple but elegant design and easily recognisable icon, Apple Store achieved saturation through mass circulation by establishing its slightly modified branches across difference venues. This strategy successfully enhances its values over the global wide.
In this project, we want to trace how the Apple 
Store emerged and how it spread globally with some 
architectural researches.

Academic Research Project
Tutor: Lixing Feng 
Team Reseach on General 
Background and Field Investigation 
with Yun Wang, Peiyu Kong, 
Zidong Huang, Jie Zhang, Ziyao 
Geng, Yijing Zhang, Shuting Chen
Individual Drawing, Writing, 
Research on Specific Topic
Autumn 2018

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How do we explore the digital box of fragments that pastes together disjunctive arrays of images andsets of data into a seemingly continuous display?” ... We “need to develop new modes of perception withwhich to receive, absorb, criticize, and produce new combinations of information

                                                           -- M. Christine Boye

01 Contexualism and the Governmentality

In western country, the word Pastorate① constituted a set of techniques and procedures and have merely indicated some of their fundamental elements. Michel Foucault  explained a procedure to pastorate, or in his word, conduct. An architectural example to conduct people is the church.In 6th century, Celtic Christian missionaries from Ireland had began to convert the pagan tribes. In 597 AD, missionaries were sent by Pope Gregory the Great. 
Afterwards, Churches deliberately chose pagan standing stones and temples to show that there was a new faith in town. The missionaries under specific instructions from Pope Gregory did not destroy the pagan temples that they found, but purified them with holy water, set up holy relics and transformed them into temples of the true God. 
This was a brilliant strategy, because people could then come to the sites that they had always come to. Only this time, they were coming to a Christian site, to worship the Christian God.

In 21st century, what has gradually replaced the original architectural monuments on city squares?

It can be easily seen that all the architectural monuments are not easy for replicate. While in the 21st century, a new type emerged with a clear industrial feature. If we think about Apple’s retail store as an industrial product in the same way we think about its electronics, it should then have both consistency and fluidity(Figure. Timeline for Apple's Logos and products). We have realized that Apple Store has gone through a history of evolution, in which certain aspects stay persistent (“Category”), while others morph and mutate(“Generation”). Apple store, with its simple and elegant design and easy to recognize icon, successfully adopted a “saturation through mass circulation” strategy, where its slightly modified repetition across difference venues globally enhances instead of decrease its value.
Figure.The Overall List of Built Apple Stores
In 2004, the Guardian quoted Apple store as an icon in Fifth Avenue to attract tourists. Afterwards, Apple Store started to show up in the most important civil square in different countries and became a universal symbol of the world's major city squares.
①  Michel Foucault. Security, Population, Territory: Lectures at the Collège de France (2004) edited by Michel Senellart, translated by Graham Burchell, Palgrave USA Press, 2007. Chapter 8, pp. 191-226

02 The Evolution and Replication of the Apple stores

Neoliberalism stands for the economic regime that the global finance capital has unleashed upon the world.
As Brown, W. said①, “neoliberalism is not a stage of the economy, a strand of ideas, or a set of policies but, rather, the ‘governing rationality’ of our times... The state remodels itself as a firm, the university as a factory, and the self as an object with a price tag...Neoliberalism outlines the saddest and most totalizing scenario of all, in which the horizons of all other meanings and purposes shrink and submit to those ofmarket capitalism.”
So, can we experience the Neoliberalism, a philosophy concept, in our lives?

The answer is correct.
As Walter Benjamin② said, mechanical reproduction of art changes the reaction of the masses toward art. Then, Copy-paste, showed up as a form of architectural expansion in 21st century.
 
Apple stores, which spread all over the world, perfectly obey Copy-paste logic - buildings as reproducible spatial objects as well as the products of Apple Inc. Apple’s industrial design being applied to the scale of a building, one that favors reproducible universal design over context, and one that forms a seamless transition of building being from a uniquely constructed space to a manufactured object.

This lower drawing (Figure. Timeline for Apple's Logos and products) is a longitudinal section of the Apple Store through time, in which every store can be assigned to a specific generation and category. In the timeline, topological analysis should be avoided, for the universality of its evolution process is what makes Apple Store a product instead of a piece of Architecture.
Figure.Timeline for Apple's Logos and Products
① Wendy Brown. Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism's Stealth Revolution. Zone Books, MIT Press, 2015
② Walter Benjamin.The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction(1936),in Illuminations, pp. 217 – 254

03 Apple Store and Its Neolibearl Model

Figure. Apple Store Macau, Apple Store Sanlitun, Apple Store Nanjing AiShang Square, Apple Store SKP
In this section, we have studied all the Apple stores posted on the official website.

From the timeline, we can see that Apple Inc. changed their values and established their new prototypes.

According to the timeline, we divided all the Apple stores in three main categories, trying to trace when each prototype was established and 
how they were replicated globally.

These are classified prototypes of each model:
C1: Full Lease (such as Apple Store Madison Ave.)
C2: Partial Lease (such The Louvre)
(*Note:1. There will be some Apple Stores as the mixture of various categories. For example, Apple Store Macau is A1+A4+B3, Apple Store 
Sanlitun is A1+B3, Apple Store Nanjing is A4+B3, and Apple Store SKP is B2+B3.)

 
In conclusion: The architecture(Apple Store) evolved with the evolution of the products (iPods, Pads, etc), and has a tendency to be simpler and more technological.
a. In the type A, the prototype started from A1, then A2,and the "hat" became thinner and thinner, eventually evolved A3&A4.
b. In type B, the Apple Store functions as a monument to imply the underground commercial space under its floating roof.
c. Some typology have been discarded and never been replicated.
d. In type C, the Apple Inc. did little to change the facade of the historical buildings, but this ones are many.
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Figure.Apple Store Pedigree

04 Neoliberalism VS Local Contextualism

When hen Apple Inc. started their expansion, we found they used strategies to cooperate with the local government and the civil rights.

This study is based on the news( resources are from the Guardian, the local national newspaper including EL PAÍS(Spain), and Apple company's own official website). 
This can draw a conclusion that Apple Store’s used 3 types of expansion modes to conflict with local context.
In order to represent clearly, each type has raised a comparison between two Apple stores.

 
TYPE1: HISTORICAL BUILDING PRESERVATION
In this type, Apple describes their work as "protection & renovation", and the local governments permit Apple's commercial activities in turn for their money and passion to renovate and preserve antiquate heritages. The New York SOHO Apple Store is an experiment to get access to reuse an old building to establish flagship stores. Apple started from a workshop-scale space in a non-controversial landmark, then gradually realized the expansion. This type reached zenith in Puerta del Sol Square, Madrid, Spanish. In this project, Apple showed their determination to protect the heritage in front of the public, and has still kept the building style and protected the cityscape, finally successful established their stores on the iconic square in European countries.
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TYPE2: LANDMARK AND FAMOUS BUILDING
In this type, Apple establish their stores in the most 
famous heritages to get fame from the landmark buildings. 
Apple pay high fees for the use rights, and give the owner a market effect in return. This type reached zenith in USA in the Grand Central Station Project, and reached zenith in Europe in the Carrousel du Louvre Apple Store Project.
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TYPE3: NEW BUILDING IN CIVIC SQUARE
In this type, Apple company insert a totally new building on city squares. The Melbourne store faced strong local opposition while the Michigan one received welcome. 
This type made me think about the compromise Apple Inc. made to be a monument on the major city squares.
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05 Public Space & Civic Space related to Apple stores from Mass Media

Apple Stores wanted to be monuments on squares, and actually they succeeded in many cases . While indeed, Apple Stores changed the function of the squares and at the same time, made the original civil life more utilitarian for commercial purposes.

In the past, public spaces play an important role in citizen’s social life, including education, entertainment, as well as expression and exchange of opinions and ideas. Recent years have witnessed news about “social” 
activities taking place with Apple store as context. Which can roughly be divided into two categories.

(1)"Fake" cultural activities
First are cultural related activities. 
As early as mid 2009 when Apple opened its first Apple Store in China① in Beijing, it invited movie directors, singers, photographers, DJs, etc., for sharing sessions at the store in Beijing. Such activities extended from mid 2009 until mid 2010.
However, such activities were not hosted on a regular basis to entertain the general citizen, and were instead targeted to attract visitors to the Apple Store and to bring about media coverage to raise Apple’s brand recognition in China. In terms of contents, with probable exception of some concerts, such sharing was to some extent related to introduction of how Apple’s hardware or software were implemented to enhance the creative process, and was a promotional event disguised as cultural activity.
To date, Apple Stores still host such culture related promotional events globally. One recent example was on 11 August 2018, when DJ Patrick Lafayette was invited to Apple SoHo in New York to share share his journey 
as a radio broadcast announcer and how he incorporates iPhone into his work and daily life, and guided the audience on how to experiment with recording and sound in order to tell story, based on introduction on Apple’s website②. 

(2)Protests against Apple Policy.
Second are protests expressing citizens’ social opinions. 
In June 2006, comedian Mark Thomas has led a flashmob at Apple's flagship store on Regent Street in protest against the company's tax avoidance. Thomas was joined by about 50 activists who gathered in the Regent Street 
shop for a brief Irish party, during which they not only held their own banners but also used laptops in the store to show their ppts. They even talked with Apple customers inside the store and advised Apple customers to buy same products in a distributor instead of in Apple store. 
In February 2016, NGO Fight for the Future organized grassroot protests outside Apple Stores in nearly 50 US cities against the government’s attempts to hack the iPhone and for internet privacy rights③.
The rally was organized through Internet., and attracted small grassroot crowds in most cities, though the around 50 protestors in San Francisco achieved wide media coverage, interviewed by over 20 journalists④.
① Apple’s first Apple Store in China was opened on 19 July 2009, located in Sanlitun ( 三里屯 ) of Beijing http://kuaibao.qq.com/s/20180719G026KF
00?refer=spider 
② https://www.apple.com/today/event/exclusive-patrick-lafayette-6431287526778372489/ 
③ https://www.cultofmac.com/413872/pro-apple-privacy-protests-are-planned-for-50-cities-around-the-u-s-today/ 
④ https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2016/02/23/protests-50-cities-apple-stores-fbi/80810396/
(3) Public Space & Civic Space
Taking a closer look at such events, Apple was not truly functioning as a public space where people are encouraged to freely express their social opinions. Despite Apple’s statement that they have “long tradition of supporting  expression of opinion peacefully①” , Apple Stores were passively tolerating or reacting to such activities that happen to take place there and happen to related to Apple as an enterprise. 

Their reaction largely depend on how the events would affect Apple’s social image and brand recognition. In the aforementioned June 2006 flashmob, Apple employees allowed the activities to stay in the stores and even talk to customers. In recent case after NGO Attac hosted over 30 demonstrations in Apple Stores across France to protest against Apple’s tax evasion in Europe, it sued Attac in January 2018 quoting security reasons②③. 
Whether it’s cultural related promotional events, or passively tolerated protests, Apple Store don’t function as real social space where people can freely enjoy their social life or express their social opinions.
In 2017, Apple released the concept of calling Apple Stores “town square”, aiming for Apple Stores to “play a bigger part in local communities④
” . However, as a tech tycoon whose stocks are among the hottest and whose 
quarterly results are closely followed, Apple constantly face pressure from the investors. Apple Stores, as a vital channel to enhance brand image and execute retail distribution, can never serve as a real public space. Its “town square” concept is at most an attempt to build a pseudo-public space where visitors are attracted by the chic design to spend their leisure time and play with the products on display, in order to better achieve its function as a commercial space – creating more fans of Apple and luring the visitors to make some purchase during the process.“town square” concept is at most an attempt to build a pseudo-public space where visitors are attracted by the chic design to spend their leisure time and play with the products on display, in order to better achieve its function as a commercial space – creating more fans of Apple and luring the visitors to make some purchase during the process.
①.https://www.macrumors.com/2018/02/23/french-court-denies-attac-ban-at-apple-stores/ 
②.http://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2017/12/french-group-called-attac-disrupts-apple-stores-throughout-france-demanding-apple-paytheir-fair-share-of-taxes.html 
③.https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/01/04/apple-sues-group-that-occupied-paris-store-to-protest-companys-unpaid-taxes
④.https://www.cultofmac.com/449776/angela-ahrendts-wants-apple-stores-town-squares-communities/
Figure.Apple Store as city symbol
Important News Lists:
1The Guardian, 20171220-Plonking an Apple store in Melbourne’s biggest civic square has caused a long-simmering debate

2The Guardian, 20120605-Madrid's neon knight upstaged by new Apple Store in central Puerta del Sol Square

3The Guardian, 20100528-Author and broadcaster Stephen Fry was among the crowds waiting to get an iPad from the Apple store on launch day

4The Guardian, 20090209-Stephen Fry's talk at the Apple Store in Regent Street

5The Guardian, 20130606-Comedian Mark Thomas has led a flash mob at Apple's flagship store on Regent Street in protest against the company's tax avoidance

6The Guardian, 20041114-s-Apple store as icon with Minimalist design style

7The Guardian, 20110318-s-tourists check emails and post on facebook at apple store

8https://architectureau.com/articles/fed-square-building-to-be-razed-for-apple-store-by-fosterand-partners/ 

9https://architectureau.com/articles/fed-square-building-to-be-razed-for-apple-store-by-fosterand-partners/ 

10https://architectureau.com/articles/federation-square-apple-store-redesigned/ 

11https://www.macrumors.com/2018/07/19/apple-federation-square-revised-plans/ 

12http://fortune.com/2017/10/20/apple-chicago-michigan-avenue/
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